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Els-reference D%F ((B $%%[%1]9 9 9$9 9?$9 ?$99959np9n` $%(  $%  (!X!B@l # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.( Applies list style and unnumbered list.Els-bulletlist D%F ((B "$%%$$9 9 &9$9 9$9 ?$9995Symbol9n Els-bulletlist9n  "$%%%$$9 9 &9$9 9$9 @$9995Times New Roman9n 9n  "$%%9 9 &9$9 9$9  @$9995Times New Roman9n 9n  "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9$9 @$9995Times New Roman9n 9n  "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9$9 @$9995Times New Roman9nP 9n@  "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9$9 @$9995Times New Roman9n 9np  "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9$9 @$9995Times New Roman9n9n "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9$9 !@$9995Times New Roman9n9n  "$%%-9 9 (9$9 9 $9 #@$9995Times New Roman9n9n "$%(  "$%  (!X!B@lh # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.& Applies list style and numbered list. Els-numlist D%F ((B "$%%%1.9 9 9$9 9$9 ?$999 Els-numlist9n@ "$%%%1.%2.9 9 9$9 9$9 @$9999n "$%% %1.%2.%3.9 9 9$9 9$9  @$9999n "$%% %1.%2.%3.%4.9 9 9$9 9$9 @$9999n8 "$%%%1.%2.%3.%4.%5.9 9 9$9 9$9 @$9999n "$%%%1.%2.%3.%4.%5.%6.9 9 9$9 9$9 @$9999n "$%%%1.%2.%3.%4.%5.%6.%7.9 9 9$9 9$9 @$9999n "$%%%1.%2.%3.%4.%5.%6.%7.%8.9 9 9$9 9$9 !@$9999n`  "$%%%1.%2.%3.%4.%5.%6.%7.%8.%9.9 9 9$9 9 $9 #@$9999n? "$%(  "$%  (!X!B@l0? # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Creates landscape page,X Queries user for no. of columns and rows and inserts table according to standard style.K Error trapping routine in case user fills in wrong number of rows/columns..> rn (B@p (%0%2!4 69989:9<n= LJN (B@H rn (B@p (%0%2!4 69989:9<n0= @>B (%0%2!4B@V (!5( D9 999 F999n< t!v!x z t%|B@Bh`<  t!~!v!n  t!~!v!n  t!~!v!n   t!~!v(nh; (!!C@99n; (B@P "$ !$F&g ( .02468:<>@ (%*B@, Els-table-text D%F ((B LJN (B@H (B@PEls-table-text D%F ((BTable f (B@R (!XX ZnMACROBUTTON NoMacro #f\ (!TB@V (B@P (!XX Zn*MACROBUTTON NoMacro Enter table title heref\ (!TB@V JJN (B@H LJN (B@H&Eh9u`9.X9 **** Could not create table **** $` $` $` No. of columns/rows: 1-63. '^ b d 'BCreating column-wide table'f ^ B f$j'h8l8 # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.http://www.elsevier.comPRT DB@Nl7 # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.(http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/authorsPRT DB@NlX7 # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.,http://www.elsevier.com/locate/authorartworkPRT DB@Nl6H # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.http://www.elsevier.com/oasisPRT DB@Nl6 # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.http://www.sciencedirect.comPRT DB@Nl5 # Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.http://www.scirus.comPRT DB@Nl4  Introtext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B1. Introduction'f@We at Elsevier believe a template should help you, not hinder you, in authoring your paper. It should follow you in how you want to write your paper, not force you to fill in bits and pieces of text. It should allow you to type any text, copy from previous versions, or load an already existing plain text to be formatted. You will therefore find no fill-in screens. You will not need to remember shortcut keys, to use lists of styles, bother about alignment, indents, fonts and point sizes. Just a mouse-click at one of the menu options will give you the style that you want. $` $` $` $` TThe objective of this template is to enable you in an easy way to style your article attractively in a style similar to that of the journal. It should be emphasized, however, that the final appearance of your paper in print and in electronic media will very likely vary to some extent from the presentation achieved in this Word document. B f$j'hl0H  Setuptext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B2. Organization of the template'f8A template (with its file name ending on .dot, rather than on .doc) in Word is a 'mold' that formats documents based on it. If you click 'New' on the 'File' menu, what you see and open are in fact templates. To use the template you should first save it with the other templates, probably in a directory called: $` $` $` $`  % $` $` $` $` If you cannot find it, go to the 'Tools' menu, choose 'Options...', click the 'File locations' tab and see which directory is specified for 'User templates'. After saving the template in that directory, you can start using it via 'New' on the 'File' menu. $` $` $` $` 9The template formats your text by using a Word feature called 'Styles'. Styles define the format (or appearance) of a paragraph of text as regards letter size, indentation, line spacing, etc. If you're not familiar with using styles, do not worry; the template arranges everything for you in a user-friendly way. B f$j'hl+  Toolbartext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B2.1. The toolbar and its menus'fNAt the top of the working area, you see a number of buttons that activate drop-down menus. You can select the required styles from these menus. Styles are applied to paragraphs, i.e. the text between two subsequent hard returns. When you hit the Enter key, you finish a paragraph. The template chooses at that moment the most appropriate next style, e.g. after the style for authors' names, you will automatically be in the affiliation style. After a section heading, the template will automatically switch to normal text style, but naturally you can adjust all that using the menu options. $` $` $` $` QSome menu options do more than just apply a style; they insert a special feature. B f$j'hl(  Enteringtext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B2.2. Entering text'fTThere are several ways in which you can enter and format your text in this template. $` $` $` $` The first way is to simply type your text in a blank document based on this template. If you want to apply a different style, e.g. for a section heading, start typing the text first as a new paragraph and, while the cursor is somewhere within the paragraph, choose the required style from the drop-down menus. If you remove text to replace it with your own text, you should pay attention to the 'section breaks' in it. Switch to 'Normal view' on the 'View' menu to see the breaks. Word uses those to separate the one-column and two-column parts, as well as to serve as page breaks. (You may find working in 'Normal' view more convenient anyway. Switching to 'Page' view will restore the two-column lay-out once you have finished.) B f$j'hl# Attachtemplatetext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B!2.3. You already wrote your text?'fYou may also attach the template to an already existing document. Choose from the 'Tools' menu the option 'Templates and Add-Ins...'. Select the 'Elsevier.dot' template and make sure to tick the box 'Automatically update document styles' to make the styles available. You will in this case have to adjust the margins of the document, using one of the first two options from the 'Document formatting' menu. $` $` $` $` [Alternatively, you may insert the whole text or parts you previously prepared by using on the 'Insert' menu of Word the option 'File...'. In that case take care to retain the above mentioned section breaks. After the file is inserted you can style it by placing the cursor in each paragraph and clicking the required style on the drop-down menus. B f$j'hlH Twocolumntext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B2.4. Two column lay-out'f%The template is set up to have the text upto and including the Abstract in one-column lay-out with a text area 38 pica wide, and the rest of the article in two-column lay-out with two columns of 18 pica and a 2 pica gutter in between. On the 'Document formatting' menu you will find options to adjust the typing area to the paper size (A4 or Letter size paper) that you use. Using those options will remove the one- and two-column settings, so you will need to reinsert those, using the other menu options. In that case, or in case this lay-out becomes disrupted, insert a switch to double column from the 'Document formatting' menu after the article Abstract and at the end of your text, balance the columns using the option from the same menu. Insert a switch to one column before any page-wide tables. B f$j'hl Firstpagetext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B3. The first page'fNaturally, your paper should start with a concise and informative title. Do not use abbreviations in it. Next, list all authors with their first names or initials and surnames (in that order). Indicate the author for correspondence using the third menu option. Present addresses can be inserted using a normal footnote (on the 'Text' menu). After having listed all authors' names, you should list their respective affiliations. Link authors and affiliations using superscript lower case letters. B f$j'hlp Abstracttext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B3.1. The Abstract and keywords'fAn Abstract is required for every paper; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. Do not include artwork, tables, elaborate equations or references to other parts of the paper or to the reference listing at the end. The reason is that the Abstract should be understandable in itself to be suitable for storage in textual information retrieval systems. $` $` $` $` 4Supply some 5-6 keywords, separated with semicolons. B f$j'hlp Maintext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B4. The Main text'fYou will usually want to divide your article into (numbered) sections and subsections (perhaps even subsubsections). Code section headings using the options in the 'Text' menu. Headings should reflect the relative importance of the sections. Note that text runs on after a 4th order heading. Use the heading style for the whole paragraph, but remove the bold coding except for the actual heading. $` $` $` $` Ensure that all tables, figures and schemes are cited in the text in numerical order. It is strongly recommended that authors follow the recommendations of the IUPAC Manual on Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, edited by I.M. Mills et al., Blackwell, Oxford, 1993. Abbreviations should be used consistently throughout the text, and all nonstandard abbreviations should be defined on first usage. B f$j'hlhH Tablesfigurestext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B4.1. Figures and Tables'f0Graphics and tables may be pasted directly into the template and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript. Figures, Schemes, and Tables should be numbered. $` $` $` $` Artwork can be inserted using the 'Tables and figures' menu, by choosing '...from file', or by embedding the graph as an OLE object. $` $` $` $` H(OLE: Object Linking and Embedding; a program-integration technology you can use to share information between programs. All of the Office programs support OLE, so you can share information through linked and embedded objects. For instance you can import an Excel graph into Word by using 'Paste special...' on the 'Edit' menu) B f$j'h b d 'B%4.1. Figures and Tables (continued 1)'fVMake sure you embed, rather than link the object. Depending on the amount of detail, you can choose to display artwork in one column (18 pica wide) or across the page (38 pica wide). Scale your artwork in your graphics program before incorporating it in your text. If the artwork turns out to be too large or too small, resize it again in your graphics program and re-import it, or use the sizing handles at the corners. The text should not run along the sides of any figure. If it does, right-click the figure, choose 'Format Object (/Figure)', choose the 'Wrapping' tab and select 'Top & bottom'. $` $` $` $` kArtwork is normally linked to, and moves with, a paragraph it is linked to. A small anchor symbol should indicate the paragraph to which it is linked. If you do not see the anchor, choose from the 'Tools' menu, 'Options...', and click the 'View' tab. Tick the 'Object anchors' tick box. You can move the figure itself by dragging but you can also drag the anchor. B f$j'h b d 'B%4.1. Figures and Tables (continued 2)'f2You might find positioning your artwork within the text difficult. In that case you may choose to place all artwork at the end of the text and insert a marker in the text at the desired place. In any case, please keep in mind that the placement of artwork may vary somewhat in relation to the page lay-out. $` $` $` $` You can insert a caption below the figure or scheme. To keep the drawing and caption more easily together, select them both (hold down the key and click both figure and caption) and choose, under the right mouse button, Grouping. Graphs may appear either on a fixed spot in the text or 'floating', normally a figure or scheme with a caption, which remains near to the paragraph it is linked to regardless of the text flowing around it. To choose between the two options, right-click the graph, choose 'Format object', choose the 'Position' tab and tick or clear the 'Float over text' tick-box. If grouped with a caption, a figure will always be floating. B f$j'h  d 'B%4.1. Figures and Tables (continued 3)'f0Please remember that we will always also need high-resolution versions of your artwork for printing, submitted as separate files in standard format (i.e. TIFF or EPS), not included in the Word text document. Before preparing your artwork, please take a look at our Web page: $` $` $` $` -http://www.elsevier.com/locate/authorartwork. $` $` $` $` 8Click 'Yes' to view instructions, 'No' to close this box B f$j'h h AXhl Listtext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B 4.2. Lists'f&2>T`vFor tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both. $` $` $` $` 1. The first entry in this list $` $` 2. The second entry $` $`  2.1. A subentry $` $` 3. The last entry $` $` $` $`  A bulleted list item $` $` Another one $` $` $` $` You can apply these styles using the 'Text' menu options. Note that you should first block the whole list. A sublisting is coded using the 'Demote list item' (go to a sublevel of numbering) and 'Promote list item' (go to a higher level of numbering) buttons. B f$j'hl Equationtext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B4.3. Equations'fConventionally, in mathematical equations variables and anything that represents a value appear in italics. You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case the number should appear at the right margin. $` $` $` $` 7Chemical equations are typeset in roman (upright) font. B f$j'hl} Acknowledgementtext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B!5. Acknowledgement and Appendices'fAcknowledgements should be inserted at the end of the paper, before the References section, not as a footnote to the title. Use an unnumbered section heading for the Acknowledgements, similar to the References heading. $` $` $` $` One or more Appendices may be placed at the end of the text, before the References section but after any Acknowledgements. They may contain extensive tables, equations, etc. B f$j'hl{H Bibliographytext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.Z b d 'B6. Bibliography'f0&Consult the Guide for Authors or a recent issue of the journal for the required bibliography style. Depending on the journal style, references in the text should either be indicated by Arabic numbers in square brackets consecutively through the paper, or by author's name and publication year. $` $` $` $` CMake sure that all references are cited in the text and vice versa. $` $` $` $` lThe reference list should contain only literature references; other information should be placed in the body of the text or as a footnote. Each reference should contain only one citation. Authors are expected to check the original source for accuracy. Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the ISO 4:1997 guideline. See the examples for journal articles [1] (Paivio et al., 1975), journal special issues [2] (Yasuda et al., 1997), books [3] (Strunk and White, 1979), multi-author books [4] (Chaddock, 1974), and electronic publications [5] (Yu and Wu, 1992). (APA style requires a different citation format.) B f$j'hlv Numberedrefstext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B$6.1. Examples of numbered references'f0F\r@Article titles and final page numbers are not allways required ! $` $` $` $` m[1] A. Paivio, B. Jansen, L.J. Becker, Comparisons through the mind's eye, Cognition 37 (2) (1975) 635-647. $` $` $` $` y[2] N. Yasuda, S.-i. Takagi, A. Toriumi, Spectral shape analysis of infrared absorption of thermally grown silicon dioxide films, in: T. Hattori, K. Wada, A. Hiraki (Eds.), ISCSI-2, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Control of Semiconductor Interfaces, Karuizawa, Japan, October 28-November 1, 1997, Appl. Surf. Sci. 117-118 (June (II)) (1997) 216-220. $` $` $` $` i[3] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, third ed., MacMillan, New York, 1979 (Chapter 4). $` $` $` $` [4] T.E. Chaddock, Gastric emptying of a nutritionally balanced liquid diet, in: E.E. Daniel (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Motility, Mitchell Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1974, pp. 83-92. $` $` $` $` X[5] F. Yu, X.-S. Wu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2996. Available from . B f$j'hl0p Nameyearrefstext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B%6.2. Examples of name-year references'f0F\jPaivio, A., Jansen, B., Becker, L.J., 1975. Comparisons through the mind's eye. Cognition 37 (2), 635-647. $` $` $` $` xYasuda, N.,Takagi, S.-i., Toriumi, A., 1997. Spectral shape analysis of infrared absorption of thermally grown silicon dioxide films. In: Hattori, T., Wada, K., Hiraki, A. (Eds.), ISCSI-2, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Control of Semiconductor Interfaces, Karuizawa, Japan, October 28-November 1, 1997. Appl. Surf. Sci. 117-118 (June (II)), 216-220. $` $` $` $` dStrunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style, third ed. MacMillan, New York (Chapter 4). $` $` $` $` Chaddock, T.E., 1974. Gastric emptying of a nutritionally balanced liquid diet. In: Daniel, E.E. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Motility. Mitchell Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp. 83-92. $` $` $` $` TYu, F., Wu, X.-S., 1992. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2996. Available from . B f$j'hlj  Bibliographytext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B%6.3. Examples of APA style references'f0F\rPNote that journal and book titles are conventionally typeset in italic typeface. $` $` $` $` nPaivio, A., Jansen, B., & Becker, L. J. (1975). Comparisons through the mind's eye. Cognition, 37(2), 635-647. $` $` $` $` Yasuda, N., Takagi, S.-i., & Toriumi, A. (1997). Spectral shape analysis of infrared absorption of thermally grown silicon dioxide films. Applied Surface Science, 117-118(June (II)), 216-220. $` $` $` $` ]Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: MacMillan. $` $` $` $` Chaddock, T. E. (1974). Gastric emptying of a nutritionally balanced liquid diet. In E. E. Daniel (Ed.), Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on gastrointestinal motility (pp. 83-92). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Mitchell Press. $` $` $` $` YYu, F., & Wu, X.-S. (1992). Physical Review Letters, 68, 2996. Available: hep-th/9112009. B f$j'hle` Vancouvertext Macro# Macro 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. b d 'B+6.4. Examples of Vancouver style references'f0F\f[1] Paivio A, Jansen B, Becker LJ. Comparisons through the mind's eye. Cognition 1975;37(2):635-47. $` $` $` $` [2] Yasuda N,Takagi S-i, Toriumi A. Spectral shape analysis of infrared absorption of thermally grown silicon dioxide films. Appl Surf Sci 1997;117-118(June (II)):216-20. $` $` $` $` c[3] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: MacMillan; 1979 [chapter 4]. $` $` $` $` [4] Chaddock TE. Gastric emptying of a nutritionally balanced liquid diet. In: Daniel EE, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Motility. Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada): Mitchell Press; 1974. p. 83-92. $` $` $` $` O[5] Yu F, Wu X-S. Phys Rev Lett 1992;68:2996. Available from: hep-th/9112009. 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